Syllabus of the Second Year Veterinary Science
1.VETRINARY MICROBIOLOGY
THEORY :
UNIT-1 (GENERAL AND SYSTEMATIC VETERINARY BACTERIOLOGY):
Introduction and history of Microbiology; Classification and nomenclature of bacteria; Microscopy and Micrometry; Bacterial stains and techniques; Structure and morphology of bacteria; Growth and nutritional requirement of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; Normal, opportunistic and saprophytic bacterial flora: Types and sources of infection, method of transmission of infection. Pathogenicity, virulence, determinants of virulence, Epizootic and enzootic diseases, bacteremia, septicaemia and toxaemia, endotoxins, exotoxins, antitoxins, toxoids; Bacterial genetics (Mutation, Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation), plasmids and antibiotic resistance.
Study of the following bacteria in relation to isolation, growth, cultural, morphological, biochemical and antigenic characteristics, epidemiology and pathogenesis, pathogenicity, diagnosis, prevention and control of bacterial diseases caused by following bacteria:
Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Corynebacterium, Trueperella,Rhodococcus; Listeria and Erysepelothrix; Bacillus; Mycobacterium; Clostridium, Actinomyces, Nocardia, Streptomyces and Dermatophilus; Family Enterobacteriaceae
(E.coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Proteus); Pseudomonas and Burkholderia; Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Actinobacillus and Haemophilus, Brucella; Vibrio; Campylobacter; Bordetella and Moraxella; Gram negative anaerobes: Bacteriodes, Dichlobacteria and Fusobacterium; Leptospira and other Spirochaetes;Mycoplasma, Coxiella, Neorickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia; Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Emerging, re-emerging and transboundry bacterial pathogens.
UNIT-2 (VETERINARY MYCOLOGY):
UNIT-3 (MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY):
Basic concepts and scope of Recombinant DNA technology; Gene cloning, Cloning vectors and expression vectors; Transformation and transfection; Southern, Northern and Western blotting; Bioinformatics, Gene banks; Application of molecular and biotechnological techniques: Polymerase chain reaction, Nucleic acid hybridization, DNA library, DNA sequencing and DNA fingerprinting; IPR. Ethics and regulatory issues in Animal Biotechnology.
UNIT-4 (VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY):
UNIT-5 (GENERAL AND SYSTEMATIC VETERINARY VIROLOGY):
History of Virology; Introduction to viruses; Structure of Viruses; Classification of Viruses; Viral Replication; Genetic and Non-genetic viral interactions; Virus-Cell Interactions; Viral Pathogenesis, Oncogenesis, latency and immunopathology. Studies on General Properties, Antigens, Cultivation, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of following Viruses and Prions Causing Diseases in Livestock and Poultry: Birnaviridae: Infectious bursal disease virus; Reoviridae: Rotaviruses, Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus; Paramyxoviridae: Newcastle disease virus, Canine distemper virus, PPR virus; Rhabdoviridae: Rabies virus, Ephemeral fever virus, Bornaviridae: Borna virus. Orthomyxoviridae: Swine, Equine, Avian Influenza Viruses. Coronaviridae: Infectious Bronchitis virus, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; Arterivirdae: Equine viral arteritis virus, Picornaviridae: FMD virus, Duck viral hepatitis virus; Caliciviridae: Feline calici Virus, Togaviridae: Equine encephalomyelitis viruses; Flaviviridae: Swine fever virus, BVD virus; Retroviridae: Visna or maedi virus, Equine infectious anemia virus, Lymphoid leucosis virus, Bovine leukemia virus. Poxviridae: Capripoxvirus, Avipoxvirus, Cowpoxvirus; Asfarviridae: African Swine Fever Virus; Herpesviridae: Bovine herpes viruses, Equine Herpes viruses, Infectious laryngotracheitis virus, Marek’s disease virus, Pseudorabies virus, Malignant Catarrhal Fever virus; Duck Plague virus, Adenoviridae: Infectious Canine Hepatitis virus, Egg Drop Syndrome virus, Fowl adenovirus, Papillomaviridae: Papillomatosis, Parvoviridae: Canine parvoviruses, Feline panleucopenia virus; Circoviridae: Chicken Anemia Virus: Prions: Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Emerging, re-emerging and transboundry viruses and Viral Infections.
PRACTICAL:
UNIT-1 (GENERAL AND SYSTEMATIC VETERINARY BACTERIOLOGY) :
Orientation to bacteriology laboratory; Methods of sterilization and disinfection; Preparation of culture media for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; Methods of inoculation, Cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; Isolation of bacteria in pure culture; Simple staining, Negative staining, Differential staining procedures of bacteria: Gram’s staining, Acid fast staining; Special staining procedures: Capsule and Spore staining; Bacterial motility; Culture sensitivity test; Outlines of collection, transportation and processing of samples for bacterial disease diagnosis.
Characterization of Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; E. coli Salmonella; Klebsiella and Proteus; Pseudomonas; Pasteurella; Clostridium; Isolation and identification of bacteria from clinical cases of Mastitis, Abortions, Enteric, Respiratory and Pyogenic infections.
UNIT-2 (VETERINARY MYCOLOGY):
Outline of collection, transportation and processing of samples for fungal disease diagnosis, Preparation of culture media, Cultivation and slide culture technique of fungi; Cultural characteristics of fungi; Lactophenol cotton blue staining to study morphology of fungi; Culture sensitivity test of fungi; Diagnosis of Aspergillosis and Candidiasis; Demonstration of other important yeast, moulds and Dermatophytes.
UNIT-3 (MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY):
Extraction and quantitation of nucleic acid; Plasmid isolation and plasmid profiling; Agarose gel electrophoresis for studying or diagnosis of nucleic acid of microbes; SDS PAGE electrophoresis for studying or diagnosis of proteins of microbes; Use of Multimedia and audio-visual aids for molecular biology aspects.
UNIT-4 (VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY):
Inoculations of lab animals, preparation of antigen, Raising of antisera, separation and preservation of serum, Concentration of Immunoglobulins, Agglutination tests: Plate, Tube, Haemagglutination, Precipitation test: Agar gel precipitation Test, Single radial immunodiffusion test, Immunoelectrophoresis, Cell mediated immune response (DTH), Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Visit and appraisal of Veterinary biological institute. UNIT-5 (GENERAL AND SYSTEMATIC VETERINARY VIROLOGY) Orientation to a virology laboratory; Collection, preservation, transport of samples and their processing in virology laboratory; Isolation of viruses in laboratory animals or poultry or embryonated chicken eggs; Preparation of media and reagents for cell culture; Subculture and maintenance of continuous cell lines; Quantitation of cells by viable cell counts in a haemocytometer; Cryopreservation and recovery of cell cultures; Preparation of Primary cell culture (chicken embryo fibroblast or Lamb kidney); Demonstration of cytopathic effect by viruses in cell culture (Important virus isolates available in the department); Demonstration of Titration of virus by TCID50 and plaque assay in cell cultures*; Demonstration of neutralizing antibodies by serum neutralization test in cell cultures* ; Agar gel precipitation test for detection of virus infection*; Titration of Newcastle disease virus by haemagglutination test; Haemagglutination inhibition test for detection of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus; ELISA for detection of viral antigen and antibodies; Molecular techniques for viral disease diagnosis *Important virus isolates available in the department.
Inoculations of lab animals, preparation of antigen, Raising of antisera, separation and preservation of serum, Concentration of Immunoglobulins, Agglutination tests: Plate, Tube, Haemagglutination, Precipitation test: Agar gel precipitation Test, Single radial immunodiffusion test, Immunoelectrophoresis, Cell mediated immune response (DTH), Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Visit and appraisal of Veterinary biological institute. UNIT-5 (GENERAL AND SYSTEMATIC VETERINARY VIROLOGY) Orientation to a virology laboratory; Collection, preservation, transport of samples and their processing in virology laboratory; Isolation of viruses in laboratory animals or poultry or embryonated chicken eggs; Preparation of media and reagents for cell culture; Subculture and maintenance of continuous cell lines; Quantitation of cells by viable cell counts in a haemocytometer; Cryopreservation and recovery of cell cultures; Preparation of Primary cell culture (chicken embryo fibroblast or Lamb kidney); Demonstration of cytopathic effect by viruses in cell culture (Important virus isolates available in the department); Demonstration of Titration of virus by TCID50 and plaque assay in cell cultures*; Demonstration of neutralizing antibodies by serum neutralization test in cell cultures* ; Agar gel precipitation test for detection of virus infection*; Titration of Newcastle disease virus by haemagglutination test; Haemagglutination inhibition test for detection of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus; ELISA for detection of viral antigen and antibodies; Molecular techniques for viral disease diagnosis *Important virus isolates available in the department.
ANNUAL EXAMINATION :
PAPERS UNITS MAXIMUM MARKS WEIGHTAGE
THEORY
Paper-I 1,2 and 3 100 20
Paper-II 4 and 5 100 20
PRACTICAL
Paper-I 1, 2and 3 60 20
Paper - II 4 and 5 60 20
2.VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
Pathology is study of diseases and how its affect the internal structure and diagnosis the animal ,identify the cause of disease and mainly including postmordem.THEORY:
UNIT-1(GENERAL VETERINARY PATHOLOGY):
Introduction and scope of Veterinary Pathology. Major intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease. Haemodynamic disorders (hyperaemia, congestion, haemorrhage, oedema, thrombosis, embolism and infarction). Glycogen overload, amyloidosis and fatty changes. Reversible and irreversible cell injury- degenerations, necrosis and its types, apoptosis, differences between post-mortem autolysis and necrosis, gangrene and its types. Major exogenous and endogenous pigments. Metastatic and dystrophic calcification. Photosensitization. Disturbances in growth (Aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia).
Inflammation: Definitions, classification, various cell types and their functions, mediators, cardinal signs and systemic effects. Wound healing by primary and secondary intention including growth factors. Immunopathology in brief (immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity).
UNIT-2 (SYSTEMIC VETERINARY PATHOLOGY) :
UNIT-3 (ANIMAL ONCOLOGY, VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND NECROPSY):
Necropsy: Introduction, objectives, pre-necropsy guidelines, procedure for post mortem examination of various species of animals including wild animals, post mortem changes, collection, preservation and dispatch of specimens (morbid materials) for laboratory examination, writing of post mortem report, veterolegal necropsy , veterolegal wounds.
UNIT-4 (PATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS) :
Pathology of viral infections: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of foot and mouth disease,Rinderpest, malignant catarrhal fever, blue tongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea, Peste des Petitis (PPR), equine infectious anaemia, equine influenza, equine viral arteritis, equine rhinopneumonitis, classical swine fever, swine influenza, rabies, canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, canine parvovirus infection, feline panleukopenia, maedi, jaagziekte, pox virus diseases in different animals. Vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthema, equine encephalomyelitis, diseases caused by rota and corona viruses. Pathology of prion diseases (scrapie, bovine and feline spongiform encephalopathies). Pathology of bacterial infections: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of tuberculosis, Johne's disease, actinomycosis, actinobacillosis, anthrax, clostridial group of diseases (black quarter, black disease, enterotoxaemia, braxy, botulism tetanus), streptococosis including strangles in horses, staphylococosis, glanders, pasteurellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, swine erysipelas, brucellosis, corynebacterium infections (caseous lymphadenitis, pseudotuberculosis), campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and colibacillosis including oedema disease in pigs, and necrobacillosis). Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of mycoplasma infection (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, porcine enzootic pneumonia), diseases of chlamydial group, Q-fever, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of superficial and deep mycoses - ringworm (dermatophytosis), aspergillosis, zygomycosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococosis, rhinosporidiosis and candidiasis. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of aflatoxicosis, ochratoxicosis, trichothecosis, Degnala disease and ergotoxicosis. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of fasciolosis, babesiosis, theileriosis and trypanosomosis. Pathological changes (in brief) of amphistomiasis, ascariasis, strongylosis, haemonchosis, spirocercosis, filariasis, hookworm, tapeworm infections, coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, Pathological changes of nutritional imbalances (in brief) due to carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins and metabolic diseases (pregnancy toxaemia, post-parturient haemoglobinuria, hypomagnesemic tetany, azoturia, and sway backorenzootic ataxia, pica and Rheumatism like syndrome). Gross and microscopic pathologyin (brief) of toxicities like arsenic, copper, lead, mercury, cadmium, strychnine, nitrateornitrite, hydrocyanic acid, fluoride, selenium and oxalates; insecticideorpesticide poisoning, plant poisoning (braken fern, gossypol, ratti and lantana)
UNIT-5 (AVIAN PATHOLOGY) :
Avian Inflammation, Viral Diseases: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Ranikhet disease, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, fowl pox, avian influenza, Marek's disease, leukosisorsarcoma group of diseases, reticuloendotheliosis, avian encephalomyelitis, inclusion body hepatitis, hydropericardium syndrome, chicken infectious anaemia, avian nephritis, egg drop syndrome, reovirus infections. Bacterial Diseases: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of colibacillosis, infectious coryza, clostridial diseases, salmonella infections, fowl cholera, tuberculosis and spirochaetosis. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Mycoplasma infections, chlamydiosis. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of aspergillosis, thrush, favus, aflatoxicosis, ochratoxicosis and trichothecosis. Gross and microscopic pathology (in brief) of helminthic diseases (flukes, cestodes, nematodes), protozoal diseases (coccidiosis, histomoniasis), ectoparasites. Gross and microscopic pathology of nutritional imbalances due to carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins. Miscellaneous diseases (Heat stroke, vent gleet, internal layer, false layer, pendulous crop, breast blister, ascites syndrome, fatty liver and kidney syndrome, fatty liver syndrome, cage layer fatigue, gout, hemorrhagic syndrome, round heart disease, impaction of oviduct, egg bound condition, bumble foot) and common vices.
UNIT-6 (PATHOLOGY OF DISEASES OF LABORATORY AND WILD ANIMALS) :
PRACTICAL:
UNIT-1 (GENERAL VETERINARY PATHOLOGY) :
Study of gross pathological specimens and recognition of pathological lesions. Histopathological techniques– Processing of tissue for paraffin embedding technique, section cutting, staining and identification of microscopic lesions. Examination of histopathological slides showing general pathological alterations.
UNIT-2 (SYSTEMIC VETERINARY PATHOLOGY):
Study of gross specimens and histopathological slides pertaining to systemic pathology.
UNIT-3 ANIMAL ONCOLOGY, VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND NECROPSY:
Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of various types of benign and malignant tumours. Examination of blood for routine haematological tests in domestic animals and poultry. Physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine. Post mortem examination of different species of animals including wild and laboratory animals.
UNIT-4 (PATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS):
Post mortem examination and its interpretations, Study of gross specimens and histopathological slides of various organs pertaining to infectious and non- infectious diseases of domestic animals. Demonstration of causative agents in tissue section by special staining methods and use of rapid diagnostic tests.
UNIT-5 (AVIAN PATHOLOGY):
UNIT-6 (PATHOLOGY OF DISEASES OF LABORATORY AND WILD ANIMALS):
ANNUAL EXAMINATION :
PAPERS UNITS MAXIMUM MARKS WEIGHTAGE
THEORY
Paper-I 1, 2 and 3 100 20
Paper-II 4, 5 and 6 100 20
PRACTICAL
Paper-I 1, 2 and 3 60 20
Paper - II 4,5 and 6 60 20
3.ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING:
THEORY:
UNIT-1(BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATION):
Biostatistics: Introduction and importance of statistics and biostatistics, Classification and tabulation of data. Parameter, Statistic and Observation. Graphical and diagrammatic representation of data. Measures of Central tendency (simple and grouped data). Measures of Dispersion (simple and grouped data). Probability and probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Normal. Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis. Correlation and Regression. Introduction of sampling methods. Tests of hypothesis- t and Z- tests. Chi-square test. Design of experiment- Completely randomized design (CRD). Randomized block design (RBD). Analysis of variance and F-test of significance. Introduction to Non-parametric tests.
Computer Application: Introduction to computer languages. Data Base Management. Review of MS-Office and its components (MS-Word, Excel, Power Point and Access). Analysis of data using MS-Excel. Concepts of computer networks, internet & e-mail.
UNIT-2 (PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL AND POPULATION GENETICS):
Animal Genetics: History of Genetics. Mitosis vors Meiosis. Chromosome numbers and types in livestock and poultry. Overview of Mendelian principles. Modified Mendelian inheritance. Pleiotropy, Penetrance and expressivity. Multiple alleles; lethals; sex-linked, sex limited and sex influenced inheritance. Sex determination. Linkage, crossing over and construction of linkage map. Mutation, Chromosomal aberrations. Cytogenetics, Extra-chromosomal inheritance. Molecular genetics, nucleic acids-structure and function. Gene concept, DNA and its replication. Introduction to molecular techniques. Population Genetics: Introduction to population genetics; individual vors population. Genetic structure of population: Gene and genotypic frequency. Hardy - Weinberg law and its application. Forces changing gene and genotypic frequencies (eg Mutation, migration, selection and drift). Quantitative vors qualitative genetics; concept of average effect and breeding value. Components of Variance. Concept of correlation and interaction between Genotype and Environment. Heritability and Repeatability. Genetic and Phenotypic Correlations.
UNIT-3 (PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BREEDING):
Livestock and Poultry Breeding: History of Animal Breeding. Classification of breeds. Economic characters of livestock and poultry and their importance. Selection, types of selection, response to selection and factors affecting it. Bases of selection: individual, pedigree, family, sib, progeny and combined, indirect selection. Method of selection, Single and Multi trait. Classification of mating systems. Inbreeding coefficient and coefficient of relationship. Genetic and phenotypic consequences of inbreeding, inbreeding depression, application of inbreeding. Out breeding and its different forms. Genetic and phenotypic consequences of outbreeding, application of outbreeding, heterosis. Systems of utilization of heterosis; Selection for combining ability (RS and RRS). Breeding strategies for the improvement of dairy cattle and buffalo. Breeding strategies for the improvement of sheep, goat, swine and poultry. Sire evaluation. Open nucleus breeding system (ONBS). Development of new breeds or strains. Current livestock and poultry breeding policies and programmes in the state and country. Methods of conservation- livestock and poultry conservation programmes in the state and country. Application of reproductive and biotechnological tools for genetic improvement of livestock and poultry. Breeding for disease resistance. Breeding of pet, zoo and wild animals: Classification of dog and cat breeds. Pedigree sheet, selection of breeds and major breed traits. Breeding management of dogs and cats. Common pet birds seen in India and their breeding management. Population dynamics and effective population size of wild animals in captivityorzooornatural habitats. Planned breeding of wild animals. Controlled breeding and assisted reproduction. Breeding for conservation of wild animals.
PRACTICAL:
UNIT-1 (BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATION):
Collection, compilation and tabulation of data. Estimation of measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) for simple and grouped data. Estimation of measures of dispersion (Range, standard deviation, standard error, variance, and coefficient of variation) for simple and grouped data. Graphical and diagrammatic representation of data. Estimation of correlation and regression. Simple probability problems, Normal distribution. Tests of significance: t-test, Z – test, Chisquare, F- tests. Completely randomized design (CRD). Randomized block design (RBD). Computer basics and components of computer. Simple operations: internet and e-mail, Entering and saving biological data through MS-Office (MS-Excel).
UNIT-2 (PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL AND POPULATION GENETICS) :
Monohybrid, Dihybrid cross and Multiple alleles. Modified Mendelian inheritance and sex linked inheritance. Linkage and crossing over. Demonstration of Karyotyping in farm animals. Calculation of gene and genotypic frequencies, Testing a population for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Calculation of effects of various forces that change gene frequencies. Computation of population mean, average effect of gene and gene substitution and breeding value. Estimation of repeatability, heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations.
UNIT-3: (PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BREEDING):
Computation of selection differential and intensity of selection, Generation interval, expected genetic gain, correlated response, EPA and Most probable producing ability (MPPA). Estimation of inbreeding and relationship coefficient. Estimation of heterosis. Computation of sire indices. Computation of selection index.
ANNUAL EXAMINATION:
PAPERS UNITS MAXIMUM MARKS WEIGHTAGE
THEORY
Paper-I 1 and 2 100 20
Paper-II 3 100 20
PRACTICAL
Paper-I 1 and 2 60 20
Paper - 3 60 20
4.ANIMAL NUTRITION
This subject is study about the nutrients like carbohydrate,fat,protein,minerals and vitamins in full details and also explain the nutrient requirement and maintenanace for the domestic animals and wild animals for their healthy life.
THEORY:
UNIT-1 (PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEED TECHNOLOGY):
History of animal nutrition. Importance of nutrients in animal production and health. Composition of animal body and plants. Nutritional terms and their definitions. Nutritional aspect of carbohydrates, protein and fats. Role and requirement of water, metabolic water. Importance of minerals (major and trace elements) and vitamins in health and production, their requirements and supplementation in feed. Common feeds and fodders, their classification, availability and importance for livestock and poultry production. Measures of food energy and their applications - gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy, total digestible nutrients, starch equivalent, food units, physiological fuel value. Direct and indirect calorimetry, carbon and nitrogen balance studies. Protein evaluation of feeds - Measures of protein quality in ruminants and non-ruminants, biological value of protein, protein efficiency ratio, protein equivalent, digestible crude protein. Calorie protein ratio. Nutritive ratio. Introduction to feed technology- Feed industry; Processing of concentrates and roughages. Various physical, chemical and biological methods for improving the nutritive value of inferior quality roughages. Preparation, storage and conservation of livestock feed through silage and hay and their uses in livestock feeding. Harmful natural constituents and common adulterants of feeds and fodders. Feed additives in the rations of livestock and poultry and their uses.
UNIT-2 (APPLIED RUMINANT NUTRITION-I) :
Importance of scientific feeding. Feeding experiments. Digestion and metabolism trial. Norms adopted in conducting digestion trial. Measurement of digestibility. Factors affecting digestibility of a feed. Feeding standards, their uses and significance, merit and demerits of various feeding standards with reference to ruminants. Balanced ration and its characteristics.
UNIT-3 (APPLIED RUMINANT NUTRITION-II):
Nutrient requirements and methods for assessing the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and production in terms of growth, reproduction, milk, meat, wool and draft purpose. General principles of computation of rations. Formulation of rations and feeding of dairy cattle and buffaloes during different phases of growth and production (neonate, young, adult, pregnant, lactating and dry animals; breeding bull) and working animals. Formulation of ration and feeding of sheep and goat during different phases of growth and production (milk, meat and wool). Feeding of high yielding animals and role of bypass nutrients. Metabolic disorders and nutritional interventions. Use of NPN compound for ruminants.
UNIT-4 (APPLIED NON-RUMINANT NUTRITION):
Nutrient requirements in poultry, swine and equine - Energy and protein requirement for maintenance and production. Methods adopted for arriving at energy and protein requirements for maintenance and production in terms of growth, reproduction and production (egg, meat and work). Feeding standards for non-ruminants and poultry Formulation of rations as per Bureau of Indian Standards and Indian Council of Agricultural Research specifications. Feeding of swine (Piglets, Growers, Lactating and pregnant sows, Breeding boar, Fattening animals), equine (foal, yearling, broodmare, stallion and race horses) and poultry (Starter, Growers, Broilers, Layers) with conventional and unconventional feed ingredients. Feeding of ducks, quails, turkeys and laboratory animals. Nutrient requirements of mice, rat, rabbit and guinea pig. Diet formulation, preparation and feeding of rabbits and laboratory animals. Nutrient requirement and feeding of different categories of dogs and cats; peculiarities of feeding cats. Feeding of wild animals and birds in captivity. Metabolic disorders and nutritional intervention.
PRACTICAL
UNIT-1:(PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEED TECHNOLOGY):
General precautions while working in nutrition laboratory. Familiarisation of various feeds and fodders. Preparation and processing of samples for chemical analysis - herbage, faeces, urine and silages. Preparation of solutions. Weende System of analysis - Estimation of dry matter, total ash, acid insoluble ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract in feed samples. Estimation of calcium and phosphorus. Demonstration of detergent methods of forage analysis. Qualitative detection of undesirable constituents and common adulterants of feed.
UNIT-2 (APPLIED RUMINANT NUTRITION-I) :
Calculation of nutritive value of different feed stuffs in terms of digestible crude protein (DCP), total digestible nutrient (TDN), Nutritive ratio (NR) and balance of nutrients.
UNIT-3 (APPLIED RUMINANT NUTRITION-II) :
Calculation of requirements of nutrients in terms of DCP, TDN and metabolisable energy (ME) for maintenance, growth, and other types of production like meat, milk, wool, reproduction and draft purpose. Formulation of rations for different categories of livestock under different conditions. Formulation of rations for feeding of livestock during scarcity periods. Visit to Animal Farm and Feed Mill.
UNIT-4 (APPLIED NON-RUMINANT NUTRITION) :
Calculation of requirements of nutrients for growth, reproduction and other types of production like egg and meat. Formulation of rations for poultry and swine with conventional and unconventional feed ingredients. Principles of compounding and mixing of feeds. Visit to farms. Formulation of balance diets for horses, dogs and cats. Feeds and feeding schedule of zoo animals and birds-diet charts.
ANNUAL EXAMINATION:
PAPERS UNITS MAXIMUM MARKS WEIGHTAGE
THEORY
Paper-I 1 and 2 100 20
Paper-II 3 and 4 100 20
PRACTICAL
Paper-I 1and 2 60 20
Paper -II 3 and 4 60 20
5.VETERINARY BIOCHEMISTRY:
THEORY:
UNIT-1 (GENERAL VETERINARY BIOCHEMISTRY): Scope and Importance of Biochemistry. Structure of Biological Membranes and Transport across Membranes. Donnan Membrane Equilibrium. Dissociation of Acids, pH, Buffer Systems, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation. Biochemistry of Carbohydrates: Biological Significance of Important Monosaccharides(Ribose, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose and Amino Sugars), Disaccharides (Maltose, Isomaltose, Lactose, Sucrose and Cellobiose), Polysaccharides, (Starch, Dextrins, Dextrans, Glycogen, Cellulose, Inulin, Chitin), and Mucopolysaccharides Including Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides. Biochemistry of lipids: Properties and biological significance of simple, compound and derived lipids and lipoproteins. Fat indices. Structure and functions of prostaglandins. Biochemistry of proteins: Classification, Structure, Properties - Biological significance of proteins. Amino acids: Structure and classification. Physical and chemical properties of amino acids - amphoteric nature, optical activity, and peptide bond formation. Biochemistry of nucleic acids: Chemistry of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides. Biological significance of nucleosides and nucleotides. Structures and functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and a typical ribonucleic acid (RNA).
UNIT-2 (INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM) :
Enzymes: Definition and classification. Coenzymes, cofactors and iso-enzymes. Properties: Protein nature, enzymesubstrate complex formation, modern concept of the active center of enzyme. Specificity of enzyme action: Substrate specificity, group specificity, stereo or optical specificity. Factors influencing enzyme action: Effects of temperature, pH, concentration of substrate and enzyme. Enzyme units: International Units, katal, turnover number and specific activity. Enzyme inhibition: Competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive inhibition and suicidal inhibition. Allosteric enzymes. Biological oxidation: Enzymes and coenzymes involved in oxidation and reduction. Respiratory chain or electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors, uncouplers and other factors influencing electron transport chain. Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, HMP shunt, gluconeogenesis, Cori cycle, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, Bioenergetics of carbohydrate metabolism. Lipid metabolism: Beta oxidation of fatty acids, ketone body formation, biosynthesis of fatty acids. Bioenergetics of lipid metabolism. Protein metabolism: Biosynthesis and Degradation. Deamination, transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids. Ammonia transport and urea cycle. Nucleic acid metabolism: Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines. DNA and RNA biosynthesis and regulation. Regulation and Integration of metabolism.
UNIT- 3 (VETERINARY ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY) :
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Diabetes mellitus, Ketosis, Bovine Ketosis, Pregnancy toxemia, hypoglycaemia in baby pigs, hyperinsulinism in Dogs. Hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism and regulation of blood sugar. Biochemical tests for the detection of disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism. Plasma Proteins and clinical significance, Proteins and Dysproteinemias,. Acute Phase proteins. Lipid Profile in disease diagnosis. Clinical Enzymology - Diagnostic importance of non-functional plasma enzymes and Isoenzymes, Liver function tests - Classification Biochemical tests for differential diagnosis. Biochemical tests of renal function - Urine analysis - Role of BUN, Uric acid and Creatinine in diagnosis. Disturbance in acid base balance and its diagnosis. Biochemistry of digestive disorders. Biochemistry of oxidative stress and shock. Biochemical basis of fluid therapy. Detoxification in the body: Metabolism of xenobiotics, General reactions for biotransformation of different groups of substances, Cytochrome p450 system of enzymes.
PRACTICAL:
UNIT-1 (GENERAL VETERINARY BIOCHEMISTRY):
Concentration of solutions and system International (S.I.) Units; Preparationor standardization of acids and alkalies; Preparation of Buffers; Titration curve of acid versus base; Qualitative test for carbohydrates and identification of unknown carbohydrates; Determination of acid number of an oil; Color and precipitation reactions of proteins; Estimation of amino acids (Sorensen’s Method).
UNIT-2 (INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM):
Effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity; Estimation of blood or plasma Glucose, Protein, Inorganic phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium; Estimation of ascorbic acid by Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) method; Estimation of milk lactose by Benedicts quantative method; Estimation of sodium and potassium by flame photometer; Paper or thin later Chromatography of amino acids; Estimation of vitamin A by colorimetry.
UNIT-3 (VETERINARY ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY):
Detection of Pathological Constituents in Urine; Assays of ALT and AST in Serum; Acute phase proteins (AorG Ratio); Estimation of total serum cholesterol, Blood Urea Nitrogen, creatinine, serum billirubin (Direct, Indirect and Total). Principles of various diagnostic tests, normal and abnormal values in different species, differential diagnosis, correlating with diseases and rationale of arriving at the conclusion need to be rediscussed in detail during Final Profesional in the course VETERINARY CLINICAL PRACTICES-II, Diagnostic Laboratory Section.
ANNUAL EXAMINATION :
PAPERS UNITS MAXIMUM MARKS WEIGHTAGE
THEORY
Paper-I 1 and 3 100 20
Paper-II 2 100 20
PRACTICAL
Paper-I 1and 3 60 20
Paper-I 2 60 20
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